Writing a sonnet may seem intimidating at first, especially if you’re unfamiliar with its structure and rules. However, with a bit of practice and understanding, you can master the art of writing a sonnet. This guide will break down the process into simple steps, providing clear instructions and explanations to make writing a sonnet accessible to everyone, even those new to poetry.
What Is a Sonnet?
A sonnet is a type of poem that has a specific structure, consisting of 14 lines. Sonnets originated in Italy during the 13th century and were popularized in the English language by poets such as William Shakespeare. Sonnets typically follow a specific rhyme scheme and meter, making them both challenging and rewarding to write. The themes of sonnets often revolve around love, nature, beauty, and human experience, but you can write a sonnet on any subject you choose.
See Also: How Many Quatrains Are in a Shakespearean Sonnet?
The Structure of a Sonnet
The structure of a sonnet is one of its defining characteristics. Understanding this structure is the first step toward writing your own sonnet.
14 Lines
A sonnet always consists of 14 lines. These lines are typically grouped into specific sections based on the type of sonnet you’re writing. The two most common types of sonnets are the Shakespearean (or English) sonnet and the Petrarchan (or Italian) sonnet, and each has a slightly different structure.
Shakespearean sonnet: This type of sonnet is divided into three quatrains (four-line stanzas) followed by a rhymed couplet (two-line stanza).
Petrarchan sonnet: The Petrarchan sonnet consists of an octave (eight-line stanza) followed by a sestet (six-line stanza).
Iambic Pentameter
One of the key elements of a sonnet is the meter, known as iambic pentameter. This means that each line contains five feet, or pairs of syllables, with the first syllable in each pair being unstressed and the second syllable stressed. In other words, the rhythm of each line alternates between unstressed and stressed syllables. Here’s an example of iambic pentameter:
“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
In this example from Shakespeare’s famous Sonnet 18, you can see how the stresses alternate, giving the line a rhythm.
Rhyme Scheme
Sonnets follow a specific rhyme scheme, which differs depending on the type of sonnet you’re writing. The two most common rhyme schemes are:
Shakespearean sonnet: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
Petrarchan sonnet: ABBAABBA (for the octave) followed by a rhyme scheme such as CDCDCD or CDECDE for the sestet.
The rhyme scheme creates a pattern in the way the end words of each line sound, giving the sonnet its musical quality.
Types of Sonnets
There are several different types of sonnets, but for simplicity, we’ll focus on the two most popular forms: Shakespearean and Petrarchan. Each type has its own unique structure, rhyme scheme, and style.
Shakespearean Sonnet
The Shakespearean sonnet is named after William Shakespeare, who is famous for writing 154 sonnets. This form of sonnet consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) followed by a couplet (two-line stanza). The rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. The first three quatrains usually develop a theme or problem, while the final couplet provides a resolution or a surprising twist.
For example, in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130, the first three quatrains humorously describe the speaker’s mistress in unflattering terms, but the final couplet offers a heartfelt twist:
“And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare
As any she belied with false compare.”
The couplet wraps up the sonnet with a declaration of genuine affection, despite the previous negative descriptions.
Petrarchan Sonnet
The Petrarchan sonnet, named after the Italian poet Petrarch, consists of an octave (eight-line stanza) followed by a sestet (six-line stanza). The rhyme scheme of the octave is always ABBAABBA, while the sestet can vary but is often CDCDCD or CDECDE. The octave typically presents a problem or question, and the sestet provides a resolution or response.
For example, in Petrarch’s Sonnet 90, the octave describes the beauty of the speaker’s beloved, while the sestet reflects on how her beauty remains powerful even though she has aged:
“The way she moved was not the way of mortals,
But of angelic forms; and when she spoke,
More than an earthly voice was that which broke
From her sweet lips: a voice to soothe the heart.”
Step-by-Step Guide to Writing a Sonnet
Now that you understand the basic structure of a sonnet, it’s time to start writing your own. Follow these simple steps to create a well-structured sonnet.
Step 1: Choose a Theme or Topic
Before you start writing, decide on a theme or topic for your sonnet. Sonnets traditionally explore themes of love, beauty, time, nature, and human experience. However, you can write a sonnet about anything that interests you, from personal experiences to abstract concepts.
For beginners, it’s often helpful to start with a theme that has emotional significance, as this can make the writing process more natural and engaging.
Step 2: Decide on a Sonnet Form
Choose whether you want to write a Shakespearean or Petrarchan sonnet. The structure you choose will determine how you organize your ideas and the rhyme scheme you follow.
Shakespearean sonnet: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
Petrarchan sonnet: ABBAABBA (octave) followed by a sestet with various rhyme schemes (CDCDCD, CDECDE, etc.).
If you’re just starting out, you might find the Shakespearean sonnet easier to write because it divides the poem into clear quatrains and a final couplet.
Step 3: Write in Iambic Pentameter
Each line of your sonnet should be written in iambic pentameter. This means that each line should have 10 syllables, alternating between unstressed and stressed syllables. Here’s how you can start practicing iambic pentameter:
Count out 10 syllables per line.
Place the emphasis on every second syllable.
If you’re having trouble with iambic pentameter, try speaking the lines aloud to hear the rhythm. Once you get the hang of it, iambic pentameter will feel more natural.
Step 4: Develop Your Rhyme Scheme
Now that you’ve chosen your sonnet form and written in iambic pentameter, you’ll need to follow the correct rhyme scheme. Use the rhyme pattern for the type of sonnet you’re writing:
Shakespearean sonnet: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
Petrarchan sonnet: ABBAABBA for the octave, followed by a sestet with a pattern like CDCDCD or CDECDE.
When you’re writing, keep the rhyme scheme in mind, but don’t force it. Focus on finding words that fit naturally into the poem, and be willing to adjust the lines if needed.
Step 5: Write the First Quatrain (Shakespearean) or Octave (Petrarchan)
Start with the first quatrain (if you’re writing a Shakespearean sonnet) or the octave (if you’re writing a Petrarchan sonnet). In these lines, introduce your theme or problem. For example, if you’re writing about love, you might begin by describing an emotion or situation related to that theme.
Here’s an example of a Shakespearean quatrain on the theme of love:
“The sun has set, but still my heart does glow,
For in the dark, your light is all I see.
Your warmth and kindness set my soul aglow,
And fill my nights with sweetest melody.”
In these lines, the speaker introduces the theme of love and uses imagery to convey the depth of their feelings.
Step 6: Continue Developing the Theme
In the second and third quatrains (Shakespearean) or the sestet (Petrarchan), continue developing your theme. In a Shakespearean sonnet, each quatrain should build on the ideas introduced in the previous one, adding new details or perspectives. In a Petrarchan sonnet, the sestet should offer a resolution or answer to the question posed in the octave.
For example, in the second quatrain of a Shakespearean sonnet, you might explore how love persists despite challenges:
“Though storms may rage, your light will never fade,
It shines through every trial we endure.
With every glance, new hope is softly laid,
A love so true, no hardship can obscure.”
Step 7: Conclude with a Rhyming Couplet (Shakespearean) or Final Lines (Petrarchan)
In a Shakespearean sonnet, the final rhyming couplet should offer a resolution, surprise, or conclusion to the theme developed in the quatrains. In a Petrarchan sonnet, the final lines of the sestet should provide closure to the problem or question posed in the octave.
Here’s an example of a rhyming couplet:
“And though the years may pass, our love will grow,
A flame eternal, strong as any foe.”
In these lines, the speaker concludes with a declaration of everlasting love, offering a resolution to the theme of enduring love introduced in the quatrains.
Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them
As with any form of writing, there are common mistakes to watch out for when writing a sonnet. Here are some tips to avoid these pitfalls:
Avoid forcing rhyme: It’s tempting to use awkward or unnatural words just to fit the rhyme scheme, but this can make your sonnet sound artificial. Instead, focus on finding words that naturally fit the flow of the poem.
Don’t neglect the meter: Iambic pentameter is a key element of a sonnet, so be sure to count your syllables and ensure that the rhythm alternates between unstressed and stressed syllables.
Stay focused on your theme: Sonnets are short, so it’s important to stay focused on your theme or idea. Avoid introducing too many unrelated ideas in the same poem.
Revising and Editing Your Sonnet
Once you’ve written your sonnet, it’s time to revise and edit. Read the sonnet aloud to check the flow, rhythm, and rhyme scheme. Look for areas where the meter might be off or where the language feels awkward. Make adjustments as needed to ensure that the sonnet is polished and cohesive.
Conclusion
Writing a sonnet may seem daunting at first, but by breaking the process down into manageable steps, anyone can write a successful sonnet. Remember to follow the structure, use iambic pentameter, and focus on your theme. Whether you choose to write a Shakespearean or Petrarchan sonnet, the key is practice and persistence. With time, you’ll develop the skills to write beautiful, meaningful sonnets that express your thoughts and emotions in a timeless poetic form.